Frequently Asked Questions

CeramidesThey strengthen the skin barrier, reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and help soothe sensitivity and redness. In 2025, ceramides are a core building block of barrier-focused creams and serums.Hyaluronic Acid (HA)By holding many times its own weight in water, it helps skin appear plumper, more hydrated, and smoother. Next-generation formulas combine multiple molecular weights for multi-layer hydration.Squalene / SqualaneA plant-derived, oil-like moisturizer that softens the skin without a greasy feel, supports barrier function, and provides comfort especially for dry and sensitive skin.

Retinal (Retinaldehyde)A newer-generation and faster-acting form of retinol that helps reduce fine lines and wrinkles, renew skin texture, and improve the appearance of dark spots. It has become one of the most talked-about actives of 2025.Retinol and Derivatives (Vitamin A)Long regarded as the gold standard in anti-aging, retinoids support collagen synthesis and help improve firmness loss, fine lines, and uneven texture.PeptidesShort amino acid chains that stimulate collagen production, enhance elasticity, and reinforce firmness. In 2025, peptides are considered a “star active,” especially in serums and eye-area products.PDRN & Growth FactorsBiotechnological ingredients that accelerate skin regeneration and repair processes at the cellular level.

GlutathioneA powerful antioxidant that protects against free radicals and supports skin tone brightening and evening by influencing melanin synthesis.Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid & Derivatives)Helps reduce the appearance of dark spots, even skin tone, and support collagen production. It remains one of the most preferred antioxidants in 2025 formulations.Niacinamide (Vitamin B3)Thanks to its multi-functional benefits—reducing the appearance of pores, regulating sebum, soothing redness, and improving uneven tone—it continues to be considered a “universally suitable” active for all skin types.

Microbiome-Friendly PostbioticsThey help support the balance of beneficial skin microorganisms, strengthen the barrier, and reduce redness and sensitivity—frequently highlighted in 2025 trend reports.Centella Asiatica, Green Tea & Botanical ExtractsPlant extracts such as Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) and green tea are preferred for soothing sensitive, acne-prone, or redness-prone skin due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.Fermented Ingredients (Fermented Rice, Green Tea, etc.)Fermentation technology enhances absorption, antioxidant capacity, and repair support, making fermented extracts a standout trend in Korean essences and serums in 2025.

What Is Retinol?Retinol is the alcohol form of Vitamin A. In order to become active in the skin, it must first convert into retinal and then into retinoic acid, a two-step process.Because of this conversion, its effects appear more slowly, but it is generally better tolerated by the skin.What Is Retinal (Retinaldehyde)?Retinal is the aldehyde form of Vitamin A and is only one step away from retinoic acid, meaning it becomes active in a single conversion step.For this reason, it works significantly faster than retinol and is often described as being approximately 10–11 times more effective in some sources.Uses & Targeted BenefitsAnti-Aging EffectsBoth forms stimulate collagen synthesis and help reduce fine lines, wrinkles, and loss of elasticity. Retinal stands out as a next-generation option due to its faster and more visible results.Acne & Dark SpotsRetinal is often considered more effective than retinol in acne treatment and post-acne marks due to its ability to unclog pores, regulate sebum, and reduce inflammation.Retinol provides a slower but steady improvement, especially for mild to moderate acne and uneven skin texture.

Definition & OriginPDRN (Polydeoxyribonucleotide) is a polynucleotide complex composed of DNA fragments (50–2000 base pairs), typically purified from salmon DNA.Originally used in medical treatments (wound healing, burns, ulcers), it has recently gained popularity in cosmetic and dermocosmetic formulations under the name “salmon DNA.”Key Skin BenefitsCell Renewal & RepairPDRN activates fibroblasts, increasing collagen and elastin production, leading to improved firmness, reduced fine lines and wrinkles, and smoother skin texture.It supports DNA repair mechanisms, accelerating regeneration in acne scars, surgical scars, and post-procedure recovery.Hydration & Barrier SupportPDRN enhances cellular moisture retention and supports hyaluronic acid production, helping the skin appear more plump, hydrated, and radiant.It strengthens the skin barrier, reducing dryness, tightness, and sensitivity, and provides long-lasting, deep hydration.Anti-Inflammatory & Soothing EffectsBy suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1 and TNF-α), PDRN helps reduce redness, irritation, and sensitivity.This makes it suitable for sensitive skin, rosacea-prone skin, and post-procedure care (peels, lasers).Brightening & Tone EvennessPDRN helps regulate melanocyte activity and melanin production, offering tone-evening benefits for sun spots, age spots, and melasma.With regular use, skin appears more even, luminous, and radiant.Antioxidant ProtectionIt helps reduce oxidative stress caused by free radicals, protecting the skin against UV damage, pollution, and premature aging.Who Is It For?PDRN is commonly used to address aging signs, dryness, barrier weakness, dullness, acne scars, and sun damage.Thanks to its high biocompatibility, it is well tolerated by dry, normal, combination, mature, and sensitive skin types, making it a versatile regenerative active.

PDRN answers “What is applied?” – a regenerative active derived from salmon DNA.Mesotherapy answers “How is it applied?” – a technique that delivers actives via micro-injections into the skin.DefinitionsPDRN: A biological active that stimulates cell renewal and tissue repair; can be delivered via creams, serums, or injections.Mesotherapy: A treatment method in which vitamins, minerals, hyaluronic acid, and actives like PDRN are injected into the mesoderm using fine needles.Effect ProfilePDRN: Activates fibroblasts, increases collagen/elastin, improves hydration, elasticity, and scar appearance. Effects vary depending on topical vs injectable use.Mesotherapy: Results depend on the cocktail used; aims for hydration, improved tone, texture, and sometimes scalp revitalization. PDRN-based protocols typically show results after 4–6 sessions.

How Is PDRN Applied?PDRN can be delivered through topical forms (creams/serums), microneedling to the upper skin layers, or via mesotherapy / skin booster injections directly into the dermis.While topical forms provide surface-level support, injectable PDRN delivers more intensive regeneration and hydration effects in the deeper layers of the skin.How Does Mesotherapy Work?In mesotherapy, an active “cocktail” (e.g., PDRN + hyaluronic acid + amino acids) is administered through multiple micro-injections at a depth of approximately 1–2 mm.This technique bypasses the epidermal barrier, allowing active ingredients to reach the dermis directly.

Effects of PDRNPDRN activates fibroblasts via DNA receptors, increasing collagen and elastin production and improving tissue repair, hydration, elasticity, and the appearance of spots and scars.Depending on the delivery method (topical vs. injection), its effects can range from surface-level support to intensive tissue remodeling.Effects of MesotherapyMesotherapy does not rely on a single active ingredient; its outcomes depend on the composition of the injected cocktail. Targeted results may include increased hydration, softening of fine lines, improved tone and texture, and in some cases, scalp revitalization.In PDRN-based mesotherapy protocols, results typically become progressively visible over a course of 4–6 sessions.

Botox & Baby BotoxBotulinum toxin injections remain a top choice for softening expression lines and preventing wrinkles.“Baby Botox” uses lower doses to preserve natural facial movement and is increasingly popular for preventive aging, especially among younger age groups.Hyaluronic Acid & Biostimulatory FillersHA fillers provide volume and contouring, while biostimulatory fillers (e.g., Sculptra, Radiesse) promote long-term collagen production and lifting effects.

NAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a vital coenzyme involved in cellular energy, DNA repair, and aging processes.As NAD⁺ levels decline with age, skin repair capacity decreases, contributing to elasticity loss and visible aging.Skin BenefitsSupports DNA repair and photoaging protectionEnhances cellular energy and renewalBoosts collagen and elasticityStrengthens the skin barrier and hydrationProvides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefitsTopical NAD⁺ & PrecursorsBecause NAD⁺ is difficult to deliver directly, most formulas use niacinamide, NMN, or NR, which the skin converts into NAD⁺.

Current evidence suggests oral NAD⁺ precursors are more effective at raising systemic NAD⁺ levels, while topical forms support localized skin benefits.Experts agree the most rational approach is a combination strategy, rather than relying on a single form.

Peptides—building blocks of keratin- and collagen-like proteins—are widely used in serums and masks to strengthen the hair fiber from within, improve elasticity, and reduce breakage.Probiotic / Probiotic and prebiotic complexes help balance the scalp microbiome, supporting the management of dandruff, oiliness, and sensitivity. They have become a key part of the “scalp-first” approach in hair loss care.Antioxidants & Botanical Extracts such as Kakadu plum (high in vitamin C), green tea, grape seed, and aloe vera are added to formulations to protect both the scalp and hair against UV exposure and pollution-related damage.

Clinical data suggest that rosemary oil shows performance comparable to 2% minoxidil. Thanks to its anti-inflammatory and circulation-boosting effects, it stands out as a leading natural active that supports hair density and growth.Pumpkin Seed OilBy inhibiting 5α-reductase and reducing DHT levels, pumpkin seed oil has demonstrated approximately 40% increase in hair count over 24 weeks in clinical studies. It is considered a “star ingredient” among anti-hair loss oils in 2025.Fenugreek, Hibiscus, Moringa, Clove & Onion ExtractFenugreek, hibiscus, moringa, clove, and onion extract are frequently cited botanical actives in both Ayurvedic and modern formulations, known for supporting hair growth and improving hair thickness.

Fermented Ingredients (Rice, Kombucha, etc.)Fermented rice water and kombucha derivatives stand out in 2025 thanks to their soothing, antimicrobial, and sebum-balancing effects on the scalp, while helping improve shine and smoothness along the hair fiber.Blue/Green Algae (Spirulina, etc.) & Marine PolysaccharidesAlgae extracts and marine-derived polysaccharides provide lightweight yet intense hydration, softness, and a protective film against environmental stressors. They are increasingly used as biotechnological “natural conditioners” replacing silicones.Hemisqualane & Botanical Oil ComplexesHemisqualane, a lighter, hair-optimized form of squalane, delivers shine and softness without weighing down even fine hair.Argan, avocado, coconut, and grape seed oils remain core ingredients for reducing protein loss and minimizing friction-related damage.